C´ybpsS HutZymKnI \maw kwkvIrX ]Zamb "`mcXw' F¶mWv.

kXy bpK¯n (kphÀ® Imew) t]mepw C´y `mcXw F¶ \ma¯nemWv Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv.

C´ysb kw_Ôn¨ A`nam\Icamb hkvXpXIÄ

Câkv \ZnbpsS \ma¯n \n¶mWv C´y F¶ ]Zw DmbXv. Cu \ZnbpsS Xoc§fnemWv C´ybnse BZna \nhmknIÄ ]mÀ¯ncp¶Xv. Bcy³ hwiPÀ Câkv \Znsb 'knÔp' F¶mWv hnfn¨ncp¶Xv.

t]Àjy³ A[n\nthi¡mÀ AXv lnµp F¶m¡n amÁn. knÔphpw lnµphpw kwtbmPn¸n¨mWv "lnµpØm³' F¶ ]Zw Dm¡nbncn¡p¶Xv. "lnµp¡fpsS \mSv' F¶mWv Cu ]Zw sImv AÀ°am¡p¶Xv.

A¡§fpsS k{¼Zmbw cq]saSp¯Xv C´ybnemWv. Bcy`«³ F¶ KWnX imkv{XÚ\mWv ']qPyw' F¶ kwJy BhnjvIcn¨Xv.

DbÀ¶ KW¯nepÅ `mjIfpsS amXmhv F¶mWv kwkvIrX `mj Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv. GÁhpw IrXyX GdnbXpw AXn\m I¼yq«À tkm^vÁvshbdpIÄ¡v GÁhpw A\ptbmPyhpamb `mjbmWv kwkvIrXw F¶Xn\m BWv Cu hntijWw. (Ahew_w: 1987 Pqembn t^m_vkv amknIbn h¶ teJ\w)

sNÊv Ip]nSn¨Xv C´ybnemWv.

BÄPn{_, {SnKtWmsa{Sn, Im¡pekv F¶o KWnXimkv{X imJIÄ C´ybnemWv DZv`hn¨Xv.

"s¹bnkv hmeyq' coXnbpw 'Zimwi' coXnbpw _n. kn. 100mw Bn C´ybn cq]saSp¯hbmWv.

C´y `cn¨ BZy Bdv apKÄ N{IhÀ¯namÀ A[nImcw ANvO\n \n¶p aI\ntebv¡p ssIamdn XpSÀ¨bmbn Ccp¶qdp hÀjw, 1526 apX 1707 hsc, `cWw \S¯n.

temI¯nse BZy {Kmss\Áv t£{Xw Xangv\m«nse X©mhqÀ PnÃbnepÅ _rlXoizc t£{XamWv. 80 S¬ `mcw hcp¶ HÁ IÃnemWv t£{X¯nsâ tKm]pcw ]WnXncn¡p¶Xv. cmPcmP tNmfsâ `cWIme¯v shdpw A©p hÀjw (G. Un. 1004 apX G. Un. 1009 hsc) sImmWv _rl¯mb Cu t£{Xw ]WnXoÀ¯Xv.

temI¯nse GÁhpw henb P\m[n]Xy cmPyhpw hnkvXrXnbn GÁhpw henb Bdmas¯ cmPyhpamWv C´y. temI¯n C¶p \ne\n¡p¶ GÁhpw ]g¡tadnb kwkv¡mc§fn H¶mWv `mcX kwkv¡mcw (GItZiw 10,000 hÀjw).

]Xnaq¶mw \qÁmn Pohn¨ncp¶ Ihnbpw kn²\pamb Úm\tZh\mWv "]m¼pw tImWnbpw' F¶ hnt\mZw Ip]nSn¨Xv. "tam£]Zw' F¶mWv CXv BZy Ime§fn Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv. tImWnIÄ kXv{]hr¯nIsfbpw ]m¼pIÄ Zpjv{]hr¯nIsfbpamWv {]Xn\n[m\w sN¿p¶Xv. IhSnIÄ D]tbmKn¨mWv CXp Ifn¨ncp¶Xv. Ime{Ia¯n ]e amÁ§Ä hs¶¦nepw CXnsâ AÀ°w C¶pw amÁanÃmsX XpScp¶p, kXv{]hr¯nIÄ kzÀ¤¯nepw Zpjv{]hr¯nIÄ ]p\ÀP• N{I¯nepw \s½ sIms¯n¡p¶p.

temI¯nse GÁhpw Dbcw IqSnb {In¡Áv ssaXm\w lnamN {]tZinse ssNen BWv ØnXn sN¿p¶Xv. 1893 Hcp aebpsS apIÄ`mKw \nc¯n Dm¡nb Cu {In¡Áv ]n¨n\v kap{Z \nc¸n \n¶v 2444 aoÁÀ DbcamWv DÅXv.

GÁhpw IqSpX X]m B^okpIÄ DÅ cmPyw C´ybmWv.

]¯p e£¯n Gsd BfpIÄ tPmen sN¿p¶ C´y³ sdbnÂsh BWv temI¯nse GÁhpw henb sXmgnÂZmXmhv!

temI¯nse BZys¯ kÀÆIemime _n. kn. 700 X£inebn Øm]nXambn. hnhn[ cmPy§fn \n¶m-bn 10,500 Gsd hnZymÀ°n-IÄ 60 Gsd hnjb§Ä ChnsS A`ykn¨ncp¶p. \memw \qÁmn Øm]nXamb \fµ kÀÆIemime hnZym`ymk cwK¯n\v {]mNo\ `mcXw \ÂInb GÁhpw henb kw`mh\bmWv.

a\pjycminbpsS AdnhnepÅ GÁhpw ]g¡tadnb NnInÕmcoXnbmWv BbpÀtÆZw. sshZyimkv{X¯nsâ ]nXmhmb NcI³ BWv 2500 hÀj§Ä¡p ap³]v BbpÀtÆZ NnInÕmhn[nIÄ kamlcn¨Xv.

Hcp Zcn{Z cmPyambmWv ]et¸mgpw C´y Nn{XoIcn¡s¸Sp¶sX¦nepw 17mw \qÁmnsâ BZy Ime§fn {_n«ojpImÀ F¯p¶Xp hsc temI¯nse k¼¶ cmjv{S§fn H¶mbncp¶p C´y. k¼¯ns\ Ipdn¨p tI«dnªv C´ysb Is¯m\pÅ bm{Xbv¡nSbn BWv {InkvÁ^À sImf¼kv BIkvanIambn Atacn¡ Is¯nbXv.

6000 hÀj§Ä¡p ap³]v knÔp \ZnbnemWv \uI bm{Xbpw PeKXmKXhpw cq]saSp¯Xv. "\mhvKXn' F¶ hm¡n \n¶mWv "\mhntKj³' F¶ hm¡nsâ DZv`hw. kwkvIrX ]Zamb "\uhv' \n¶mWv "t\hn' F¶ ]Zw DmbXv.

tPymXnimkv{XÚ³ kvamÀ«v Is¯p¶Xn\p \qÁmpIÄ¡p ap³]v `qan kqcys\ hewhbv¡phm³ FSp¡p¶ kabw `mkv¡cmNmcy³ Is¯nbncp¶p. A©mw \qÁmn AZvtZlw Is¯nbXv 365.258756484 Znhk§Ä F¶mWv.

_p[mb\³ F¶ `mcXob KWnX imkv{XÚ\mWv "ss]'bpsS aqeyw BZyambn \nÀ®bn¨Xv. ss]XtKmdnb³ Xnbdw F¶v Adnbs¸Sp¶ kn²m´s¯ AZvtZlw hniZoIcn¡pIbpw sNbvXn«pv. bqtdm]y³ KWnXimkv{XÚÀ Ch Is¯p¶Xn\p \qÁmpIÄ¡p ap³]v Bdmw \qÁmn BWv CZvtZlw Ch Is¯nbXv.

BÄPn{_, {SnKtWmsa{Sn, Im¡pekv F¶o KWnXimkv{X imJIÄ C´ybnemWv DZv`hn¨Xv. Izm{UmÁn¡v Ct¡zj\pIÄ 11mw \qÁmn {io[cmNmcy³ D]tbmKn¨ncp¶p. {Ko¡pImcpw tdmam¡mcpw D]tbmKn¨ncp¶ GÁhpw henb kwJy 106 Bbncps¶¦n `mcXobÀ D]tbmKn¨ncp¶Xv 10*53 (]¯nsâ A³]¯naq¶p aS§v) hen¸apÅ kwJyIÄ Bbncp¶p. thZImeamb _n. kn. 5000 t]mepw D]tbmKn¨ncp¶ Chbv¡v {]tXyIw t]cpIfpw Dmbncp¶p. C¶p temI¯n D]tbmK¯nepÅ GÁhpw henb kwJy 10*12 (]¯nsâ ]{´v aS§v) am{XamWv.

1896 hsc C´y am{Xambncp¶p temI¯nse cXv\§fpsS DdhnSw. (Ahew_w: sPt½mfPn¡Â C³kvÁnÁyq«v Hm^v C´y).

s_bven ]meamWv temI¯nse GÁhpw Dbcw IqSnb ]mew. lnameb ]ÀÆX¯nse eUm¡v Xmgvhcbn {Zmkv, kpcp \ZnIÄ¡p IpdpsI 1982 BKkvÁn C´y³ Ictk\bmWv Cu ]mew ]WnXoÀ¯Xv.

ip{ipX³ BWv 'ikv{X{InbbpsS ]nXmh'v' F¶v Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv. 2600 hÀj§Ä¡p ap³]v ip{ipX\pw kwLhpw Xnancw, Ir{Xna Ahbh§Ä, kntkdnb³, HSnhpIÄ, aq{X¯n IÃv F¶nhbpambn _Ôs¸«v AXnk¦oÀ®amb ikv{X{InbIÄ \S¯nbncp¶p. IqSmsX, ¹mkvÁn¡v kÀPdnbpw akvXnjvI ikv{X{InbIfpw sNbvXncp¶p.